Abstract : Department of Physics

DETERMINATION THE WAVE FUNCTION OF HYPERNUCLEAR SYSTEM

           

The purpose of our research is to determine the wave function of system which supports to get the information about the weak decay rate of that system. First, we have constructed the Λ-core nucleus (¹¹C) potential by using the folding method with charge density distribution of core nucleus which is a Harmonic Oscillator Gaussian type form. Then, the ground state binding energy and wave function of  system were determined using two body calculation. The energy obtained is E= -18.22 MeV while the experimental value of ground state energy is -10.76 0.19 MeV.

MASS ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS OF SOME BUILDING ATERIALS

The aim of this research is to investigate the mass attenuation coefficients of some building materials. In this research work, concrete, tile and brick samples were examined by using gamma ray energies with ¹³⁷Cs (662 keV), ⁶⁰Co (1173 keV and 1332 keV) and ²²Na (511keV and 1275 keV). The mass attenuation coefficient usually depends upon the energy of radiations and nature of the material. According to the results the mass attenuation coefficient of each sample is decreased with the increasing of radiation energy. And then the mass attenuation coefficient of concrete is smallest and tile is largest.

ETERMINATION OF GAMMA SPECTROMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR ORGANIC LIQUIDS

There are many organic liquids used in industries. The aim of the research is to determine two gamma spectrometric parameters (mass attenuation coefficient and atomic cross section) of two industrial organic liquids: Toulene and Xylene. It have been examined for ²²Na (511keV and 1275 keV), ¹³⁷Cs (662 keV) and ⁶⁰Co (1173 keV and 1332 keV) using narrow beam geometries. The mass attenuation coefficient and atomic cross-section for these samples were determined theoretically by using the mixture rule and experimentally using gamma-ray attenuation technique.

DETERMINATIION OF THE INTENSITIES OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERNS ON DNA-MOLECULE BY USING BESSEL FUNCTION

In this research, the characteristic features of DNA- molecule are described. Firstly, scattering and diffraction of an electro-magnetic radiation by a matter is one type of interaction between mass and radiation. Secondly, the scattering and diffraction of x-ray by double helix structure of (DNA) molecule according to (C.C.V) theory are also described. Finally, the intensities of x-ray diffraction patterns on DNA molecule are calculated in details by using Bessel Function.

STUDY OF SQUARE WELL POTENTIAL USING SPREADSHEET

We study the Schrodinger equation with the square well potential by using numerical differentiation method. In working numerical differentiation, we have used Microsoft Office Excel spreadsheet. Firstly we study numerical differentiation and calculate the differential equation using spreadsheet and then compare the numerical and analytical result. We apply our numerical differential method in solving Schrodinger equation. We have studied the hydrogen atom using this method.

GAMMA-RAYS SELF-ATTENUATION CORRECTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES

Gamma-Spectrometry is a commonly used technique in environmental radioactivity monitoring. Correction factors should be applied in the case for activity measurement. In this research, linear attenuation coefficients and self-attenuation correction factors have been evaluated for soil, honey and water samples with different geometries. The relative self-attenuation correction factors with respect to water sample also have been evaluated. Many gamma spectrometric studies of environmental samples are concerned with low energy photons and the variations from sample to sample and sample to standard could be large enough to require a correction for sample self-attenuation.

STUDY THE PRIMODIAL BLACK HOLES MASS, TEMPERATURE, TIME EVAPORATION AND CURRENT DENSITY PARAMETERS

The nature and underlying physics of primordial black holes have been presented and related the limits to PBHs. Studying primordial black holes provides a probe into both high energy physics and cosmology, setting limits on several cosmological parameters. Hawking shocked the physics world by showing that black holes should in fact thermally create and emit sub-atomic particles. Hawking showed how the strong gravitational field around a black hole can affect the production of matching pairs of particles and anti-particles, as is happening all the time in apparently empty space according to quantum theor

STUDY OF ALUMINIUM CONCENTRATION IN Fe-Al ALLOY BY USING VARIOUS GAMMA ENERGIES

            In this work a nuclear method, based on single energy γ-ray transmissions, has been developed and used to determine the concentrations of the aluminum component in iron-aluminum alloy. Disk sheets of thicknesses ranging from 0.30 to 0.96cm have been prepared from the alloy to be used as targets for the γ-ray photons. Criteria for the best choice of the suitable photon energies for single energy γ-ray transmissions have been investigated.

DETERMINATION OF BETA ACTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY FOR K-40 USING POTASSIUM CHLORINE BY GM COUNTER

            The aim of this work is to determine the efficiency of a Geiger-Muller counter using potassium chloride (KCL). The salt substitute, potassium chloride (KCl), is also naturally radioactive due to the small amount of potassium-40 (0.0117%) which has a half-life of 1.25 billion years and emits a beta particle. The counting rates for beta emitting K-40 were measured by Geiger-Muller Counter tube (U8533430) at Physics Department, Meiktila University. In this research work, the disintegration rates of beta emitting K-40 were being calculated for various weight of KCl. And then, the efficiency of a Geiger-Muller counter was been also calculated.

STUDY OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND SPECIFIC HEAT FOR SOME METALS

            In this research had been discussed about the specific heat of solid and thermal conductivity of solid. And then, classical theory of lattice heat capacity. Einstein’s theory of lattice heat capacity and Debye Model of lattice heat capacity are also discussed in chapter 2. In chapter 3, the calculation of specific heat for ₄Be, ₁₄Si, ₂₂Ti, ₂₈Ni, ₄₇Ag at the ratio of T/ by using Debye Model were reviewed. The calculation of thermal conductivity for ₄Be, ₁₄Si, ₂₂Ti, ₂₈Ni and ₄₇Ag metals were described. Discussion and Conclusion are described in chapter 4.

CONSTRUCTION OF PEOPLE COUNTER WITH SECURITY ALARMS FOR ELECTRONICS LAB

The purpose of this research is to construct a people counter by using wireless network. In this research, a 40 kHz of infrared radiation is used to communicate between the two separate circuits. The main components of the constructed system are PIC16F882 and  PIC16F628A microcontrollers, 2-line 16-character liquid crystal display, infrared light emitting diode ( IR LED) and infrared radiation detector. The constructed people counter consists of two main sections; IR transmitter circuit and IR signal receiver circuit. The constructed system can perform the counting up to 999 students. The program is written with the Assembly language for both PIC microcontrollers.

DEPARTMENTAL DATA LOGGING AND DISPLAY SYSTEM

The purpose of this research is to construct a department data logging and display system by using PIC 16F877A microcontroller and 4-line 20-character Liquid Crystal Display. The constructed system includes three button switches to select the data of each person. These data are the personalities of Professor, Associate Professor, Lecturer, Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator of Physics Department, Meiktila University. The program is written with Assembly Language in MPLAB software (version 8.50). To download the hexa code from PC to PIC, PICKIT2 programmer is used. The firmware embedded in the PIC 16F877A microcontroller generates the digital data of each personality. Each data is converted into LCD character and also displayed on 4-line 20-character LCD.

INVESTIGATION OF SCATTRED RADIATION FROM J_u=1 to J_l=1 TRANSITION

The polarization of scattered line radiation of an upper level with angular momentum J_u=1 to a lower level with angular momentum J_l=1 transition was carried out for a particular case. The case of upper and lower atomic levels having different parities have been taken and considered only the electric dipole transition. The degrees of linear polarization of scattered radiation in the absence of external magnetic field have been calculated. The incident radiation has been taken 100% linearly polarized and its direction was =90^., 90^.. In our calculation we neglect the lower level polarization.

Determination of Mean Free Path of the Different Shielding Materials

The aim of this research work is to determine the mean free path of shielding materials. In this research Al, Fe and Pb are used as shielding materials. Firstly, the attenuation coefficient for different energies of gamma standard sources ¹³³Ba, ¹³⁷Cs and ⁶⁰Co are measured by using Na(Tl) scintillation detectors and Gamma Vision 32 software. And then the mean free paths for three samples with different energies were calculated. The experimentally observed that mean free path values are found to be in good agreement with the data of values from “Measurement and Detection of Radiation” (Nicholas Tsoulfanidis). According to the results, the linear attenuation coefficient and mean free paths are depended upon the energies and atomic number.

Microcontroller Based Digital Voltmeter

The purpose of this project is construction of Microcontroller based digital voltmeter. It has three main parts these are Regulated Power Supply Unit, Processing unit and Display unit. The regulated IC 7805 is used to produce stable +5V in regulated power supply. Microcontroller PIC16F877A is mainly used in processing unit. It takes analog voltage which is to be measured and converted into digital format and make a necessary processing according to the pre written program and then produce digital signal to send the display unit. Dot matrix LCD HD44780 U is used as display screen to show the measured voltage value. The display unit displays the measure voltage in numerical form in milli volt unit. The constructed digital voltmeter can be used to measure voltage range up to +5V.

Study of Radionuclides in Sediments from Meiktila Lake by using HPGe Detector

This research work was to analyze the activity concentration of radionuclides in sediments samples which were collected from Meiktila Lake, Meiktila Township, Mandalay Region. The HPGe detector was used for the study of radionuclides in sediments samples then analyzed by using Gamma Vision 32 software. The radionuclides present in sediments sample are ²⁰⁷Bi( 74.97 keV), ²¹⁴Pb( 77.17 keV),            ¹⁸²Ta(84.68 keV), ²⁰⁷Bi (84.80 keV), ²¹²Pb(238.63 keV), ²¹⁴Pb(295.22 keV),               ²²⁸Ac(338.40 keV), ²¹⁴Pb(351.99 keV), ²⁰⁸Tl(510.72 keV), ²⁰⁸Tl(583.14 keV),            ²¹⁴Bi (609.32 keV),  ²²⁸Ac( 911.07 keV),  ²²⁸Ac(968.9 keV) and ⁴⁰K(1460.75 keV).

Analysis of Toxic Elements in soil from Meiktla Area

We live in polluted environment. Soil pollution may affect all of us as well as plants and animals. So, the study of polluted environment is an important aspect for us. In this research, we studied soil pollution from Industrial Zone, Textile Mill, Minyap-I, Minyap-II and Pyi Taryar in Meiktila Area. S-I was collected from Industrial Zone, S-II was collected from Textile Mill, S-III was collected from Minyap-I, S-IV was collected from Minyap-II and S-V was collected from Pyi Taryar.

The aim of this work is to study the toxic elements (As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Hg, Se, Tl, V, Zn) in soil from Meiktila Area. These samples were quantitatively analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence Spectrometer (EDXRF).The X-rays fluorescence spectrometer used in this work is SPETCTRO XEPOS at Experimental Nuclear Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Mandalay University. The accumulations of heavy metals in soil were studied for As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Hg, Se, Tl, V, Zn. The results were compared with environmental pollutant reference values.

Structural Calculation of

In this research work, we considered triton-lambda as two body system for forming . Firstly, we have studied the T-matrix elements for the scattering state by using the Lippmann-Schwinger equation. And then, we studied the scattering length and effective range for the triton-lambda system. Secondly, we have calculated the binding energy of  in the momentum space by using the kinetic energy and potential energy of the triton-lambda system. The binding energy calculated from our research was compared with the experimental ground state energy of  .The calculated energy is -2.413334 MeV and the experimental ground state energy of  is -2.4 MeV.

A Studying of the fermented Liquid by using aas method

Sophisticated scientific methods and devices have been invented to detect the concentration of main elements, trace elements and toxic elements in materials such as liquids, solids and gases. Some require sample preparation for detection but others do not need preparation. Among the different methods, we discuss about the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) methods.

Myanmar generally uses glazed earthen pot to store water, oil, fish sauce, fish-paste, salted fish and so many of foods and also for interior and outdoor decorations at homes. But materials of raw glaze have large concentration of lead. So, we made a research work for detection about the liquid samples from glazed earthen pots. After several days, the liquids from glazed earthen pots have safety and lease concentration of lead.

STUDY OF COMPARISON OF ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATION LEVELS BETWEEN SOME VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED GRAPES AT LOCAL VINEY ARDS FROM MEIKTILA TOWNSHIP

            The present study indicates the capability of multi-element analysis for determining the contents of variety of trace elements present in fresh grape samples by using EDXRF method. Even grape samples (five varieties) have been taken at local vineyards from Meiktila Township. Varieties of investigated grape samples are Italia No.3, Cardinal, White Malaga, Big Black and Pizzubello. The elemental concentrations of eight elements (Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca and Fe) were determined in these grape samples. The elemental concentrations between these samples were compared in this research work. These samples were quantitatively analyzed by energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometer (SPECTRO XEPOS) at Experimental Nuclear Physics Laboratory, Mandalay University with the aid of X-Lab Pro software.

STUDY OF QUANTUM SCATTERING

We have studied the basic tool of quantum mechanics and then we intended to the scattering problem. We focus on the convergence of Born series. From that we have found that the interaction between two particles is strong enough relative to the incident energy we need to add more and more Born series, in some case we need to add infinitely. We can conclude the Born series will diverge when the interaction is strong.

APPLICATION IN OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

In this paper, the background theory of optical properties from condensed matter is presented. Especially, photo electric effect, photovoltaic effect and photoluminescence in optical properties are briefly described. The uses of this effect are also stated, in this paper.

STUDY OF PARTICLE INTERACTIONS IN NUCLEAR EMULSION

An emulsion is made of a silver salt as for photographic film. Multiple layers of emulsion were historically the first means of visualizing charged particles tracks; emulsion stacks are still used today to record, with very high positional precision, very short tracks (eg, two leptons, which have a track length of less than a millimeter) or in other circumstances demanding very high precision.

We have described from the observational point of view the interaction behavior of specific particles whose tracks or the tracks of whose products are seen in emulsion. Particle characteristic and some description of measurements of mass, decay spectra, decay modes, etc are also described. And, we have derived the general formulae of the energies and momenta of the outgoing particles for two-body, three-body and many-body decays processes by using the four vector energy-momentum conservation. The threshold energy for the two-body reaction is also calculated.

DIGITAL CONTROLLER FOR OUTDOOR LIGHT

The title of the thesis is Digital Controller for Outdoor Light. In this circuit is based on digital electronics, which is using the components, such as NE 555 timers, CD 4017 B decade counters, transistors, variable resistors (VR), Light dependent resistor (LDR), resistors and capacitors. The circuit comprises six sections- auto power off section, triggering section, resetting section, Oscillator section, counting section and output section.

ANGULAR MOMENTUM OPERATOR AND SPIN WAVE FUNCTION

We have discussed the classical angular momentum and presented angular momentum in quantum mechanics. After that we extend the orbital angular momentum to total angular momentum. We have calculated the relationship and discussed some properties of CG coefficient and 3-j symbol. This coupling scheme is very important for automatic physics and nuclear physics.

CONSTRUCION OF ELECTRONIC GONG (SCOOTER)

This circuit stimulates the sound of a gong (scooter). The circuit consists of a resonant filter, built around IC2 and IC3. In this circuit the trigger pulse is provided by a 555 timer connected as a multivibrator.

ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL SAMPLES FROM MEIKTILA AREA

           

The aim of this research is analysis of soil samples. These are many approaches and methods available for soil analysis. In this research work, energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF) is used for elemental characterization. Three soil samples were collected from Meiktila Area and analyzed by EDXRF.

            The soil test was done and types of soil samples are known. According to the soil test, samples S1 (from Meiltila University) is sandy clay and sample S2 (from Nan Taw Gone quarter) and S3 (from Aung San Myoe Thit) are clay loam. The SPECTRO XEPOS spectrometer was used to analyze the soil samples. According to the results Al, Si, K, Ca and Fe are found significantly dominated in all samples analyzed in this work. P, S, Cl, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Sr, Zr, Ba are found as minor elements and Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb and Pb are found as trace elements. The radionuclide (Ti, Pb, Bi, Th, U) are found in EDXRF analysis. But their concentrations are very low and uranium concentration is lower than the detectable level. Thus EDXRF has been employed with great success in the analysis of environmental samples. Therefore it is used for the analysis of foods, water, agricultural soils and medicines.

THE STUDY OF PARAMETERS AND RADIONUCLIDES CONCENTRATION IN WATER SAMPLES FROM MEIKTILA AREA

           

There are many approaches and methods available for water analysis. In this research work, gamma ray spectroscopy is used for radionuclides determination and chemical analysis method is used for parameters for water. Three water samples were collected from Meiktila Area.

            The sample S1 and S2 wee collected form South Lake and North Lake of Meiktila. These are used for drinking. The samples S3 was collected from the Lake of Meiktila University. According to the chemical analysis results, the values of parameters for three water samples are desirable limit form WHO standard value. According to the results of gamma spectroscopy analysis, the radionuclides are nor found in all water samples. Thus these are suitable for drinking and not a public health concern.

INVESTIGATION OF ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT OF ALUMINUM BY USING GAMMA RAY SPECTROSCOPY

           

The mechanics of the absorption of gamma rays by matter is different from that of charged particles, as is indicated by the very much greater penetrating power of gamma ray. The aim of this work is to study the variation of gamma attenuation depending on the thickness of aluminum absorbers by using NaI(Tl) detector. The intensity distribution of gamma rays from ¹³⁷Cs (662 keV) gamma source for different thickness of absorber are measured. The ¹³⁷Cs standard source, NaI(Tl) scintillation detector, MCA card and Gamma Vision 32 software are used to study of attenuation effects in this experiment. The results of experimental data are shown in Chapter 4, Gamma rays attenuation coefficient of aluminum is determined by suing experimental results.

MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY IN OXIDE GALSSES WITH VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS

Glasses with compositions yLi₂O (0.99-y) P₂O₅-0.01 Al₂O₃ with 0.1  0.4 (in mol%) have been prepared using the normal melt quench technique. Values of the direct current electrical conductivity have been measured in the temperature from 353 to 673 K and the activation energy has been calculated. It had been found to be conductivity increases with temperature. The activation energy is found that the concentration and temperature dependent. The variations in electrical conductivity with lithium content have been discussed in terms of changes in the glass structure.

CALCULATIONTHE CRITICAL VOLTAGE OF X-RAYS SPECTRA BY USING SOME METALS

           

In different fields of applied science, X-rays are used such as in medicine, industries applied and research works. X-rays are electromagnetic waves of short wavelengths. An X-ray is a very high energy photon with a wavelength in the range of 0.01 to 10 nanometers. Characteristic X-ray emission originates from the radioactive decay of electronically highly excited states of matter. In this work, Moseley Law using the frequency. Their elements were critical wavelength variation in critical voltage. Some fundamental properties of the X-rays when they were scattered by different elements. Nowadays, X-ray spectrometric method by diffraction or fluorescence were used to determine the abundance of trace elements. Moseley law, has been of fundamental importance for the further development of atomic theory. It was found that he energy of X-ray emitted from a given target material strongly depend on the voltage known as critical voltage.

ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF DRUMSTICK LEAVES AND SEEDS BY USING EDXRF SYSTEM

            In this research work, the Drumstick leaves and seeds samples were collected from Meiktila Township in Myanmar. These samples were quantitatively analyzed by energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF). The x-ray fluorescence spectrometer used in this work is SPECTRO XEPOS at Experimental Nuclear Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Mandalay University. The element in Drumstick leaves and seeds samples were also studies.

            The analyzed Myanmar Medical Plant sample is Drumstick (Dan-Tha-Lun). Among the elements contained in Drumstick leaves and seeds. Ca, K and Cl are determined as major components. A few percent of P, S, Al, Si and Fe are also observed as minor components. Mn and Zn are observed as trace elements. These experimental results as shown in figure and tables in Chapter (4).

THE ANALYSIS OF MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY FOR PARAMAGNETISM ANS DIAMAGNETISM

           

In this paper, the characteristic features of magnetic properties in paramagnetism and diamagnetism under the applied magnetic field. And then the magnet and magnetism, sources of magnetism, magnetic moment, magnetization and types of magnetism are described.

            The relation between the magnetic permeability and susceptibility are calculated in details. And then the comparison of the theoretical, experimental results and program are shown in this paper.

STUDY OF FIRST ORDER PERTURBATION THEORY WITH SQUARE POTENTIAL WELL

           

We have studied the first order perturbation theory and we illustrated numerically and graphically the effect of perturbation. This research work is aim to understand the perturbation theory and then continue to understand the nature of interaction and wave function. By studying the nature of interaction and wave function one can easily understand the phase shift which will encounter in studying the scattering process.

CALCULATION OF LARMOR FREQUENCY USED IN MRI

           

In this paper, we have discussed dynamical magnetic effect associated with the spin angular momentum of nuclei and electron called magnetic resonance. Among the various magnetic resonance, we have described about the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) which can apply in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) which is a major medical application based on the properties of NMR is also stated. The effect of the larmor frequency variation with magnetic field is important for MRI. We have calculated larmor frequency variation with magnetic field for the various elements. We use the Fortran programming in calculation of Larmor Frequency.

ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS AND RADIONUCLIDES DETERMINATION OF SEDIMENT SAMPLES FROM MEIKTILA AREA

           

There are many approaches and methods available for sediment analysis. In this research work, gamma ray spectroscopy is used for radionuclides determination and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) is used for elemental characterization. Three sediment samples were collected from Meiktila Area.

            According to the results Al, Si, K, Ca and Fe are found as major elements in each sample. The radionuclides Ti, Pb, Bi, Th, U are found in EDXRF analysis. But their concentrations are very low and uranium concentration is lower than the detectable level. According to the results of gamma spectroscopy the activities of radionuclide Lead (Pb-214) and (Pb-212) were calculated.

CHARACTER DISPLAY ON LCD USING PIC

           

In this thesis, “ELECTRONICS PHYSICS” is displayed on the LCD screen by using (PIC) microcontroller. In this thesis, there are three main parts. They are +5V power supply, OIC16F84A microcontroller and LCD display. In this work, the program is written by using Assembly Language.

BINARY COUNTER USING LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

            In this project, the binary counter are counted by using microcontroller (PIC) Regulated power supply is connected to microcontroller, then microcontroller captures the data, and then counts the data on the LED. There are three main parts in this work. They re regulated power supply, PIC16F877A microcontroller and Light Emitting Diode. In this work, the program is written by using Assembly Language.

STUDY OF SECOND ORDER PERTURBATION THEORY WITH SQUARE POETNITAL WELL

            We have studied the first order perturbation and illustrate the effects of perturbation term on the states. Then, we studied the second order perturbation and the change of second order correction energy with the number of state which could be sum up to the energy.

SOME PROPERTIES OF HIGH-T_C SUPERCONDUCTOR WAVEGUIDES

           

We have studied about the superconductor in which the nature of low T_c  superconductor and high T_c superconductor as a literature review. Then we have discussed the rectangular waveguide especially for TE₁₀ mode. We have also distinguished the frequency range of TE mode for well known X-ray band. We have calculated the normalized attenuation coefficient due tot wall losses verses frequency for metal and superconductor. We have calculated the attenuation coefficient for superconductor and phases against frequency and expressed as graphically.

INVESTIGATION OF GAMMA ATTENUATION PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC AND GLASS

           

The aim of this research work is chosen a good container for gamma attenuation technique. In this work, NaI(Tl) scintillation modern spectrometer including MCA card and Gamma Vision 32 Software were used to determine the attenuation. The value of linear attenuation coefficient of plastic and glass was investigated by using ¹³⁷Cs (5 Ci) standard gamma source and then results were compared. It was found that the value of linear attenuation coefficient of plastic is smaller than that of glass.

MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF HALF-LIFE OF GOLD (Au) BY NAA METHOD

           

The half-life of gold Au-198 was investigated, firstly the sample was irradiated with neutrons emitted from the Am-Be (average energy ~ 3MeV) isotopic neutron source. A wax moderator was used to thermalize neutrons. The half-life of neutron-irradiated sample was determined by collecting the activities of the sample. The investigated half-life of gold is 2.701 days, its established value is 2.695 day, so discrepancy is 0.223%. It stands with 99% confidence level.

DETERMINATIONOF THE FLOW RATE OF LIQUID IN TUBE BY USING BERNOULLI’S THEOREM

           

The study of fluid flow is also an important topic (called hydraulics for liquids). This is difficult subject, and simplifications and idealizations are in order. The flow rate is defined as the volume of fluid that passes a certain cross section of its pipe per unit time.

            In the first part, the definition of fluids, types of time change of quantities and equation of motion of perfect fluid are presented. Bernoulli’s equation, Bernoulli’s theorem and application of Bernoulli’s theorem are explained in second part.

            In final part, application of venturimeter and result of flow rate of fluid in tube are presented.

GAMMA RAYS ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT OF LEAD

           

In this thesis, gamma ray absorption coefficient of lead were measured by using a radioactive source ¹³⁷Cs (5mCi), 3” x 3” NaI(Tl) scintillation detector, ORTEC Amplifier (Model 671) and Multichannel Analyzer with Gamma Vision 32 software.

            It can be observed that the decrease of net area counts with increasing the thickness of absorber. The measured value of mass attenuation coefficient of lead in experiment is compared with the standard value of that of lead which is obtained in ORTEC Manual. The standard value and experiment value are nearly equal for gamma energy (662 keV).

THE ANALYSIS OF LATTICE VIBRATIONS IN MONOATOMIC LATTICE FOR Na CRYSTAL

           

In this paper, the characteristics features of elastic vibrational motion of a crystal lattice, i.e., a lattice consisting of linear chains (or) lines of atoms where each atom has mass m and is attracted to other atoms by massless springs are described.

            The crystal lattice, lattice vibrations, optical properties of lattice vibrations and lattice heat capacity are also studied.

             The dispersion relation between the frequency and wave vector are calculated in details. The dispersion relation curves for a monoatomic lattice such as Na crystal showing first Brillouin zone is plotted. The theoretical calculated results and program are shown in this paper.

SOLVING THE ENERGY FOR PERTURBED SYSTEM BY USING MATHCAD PROGRAMME

           

As in the case of classical mechanics, there are relatively few physically interesting problems in quantum mechanics which can be solved exactly. Approximation methods are therefore very important in nearly all the applications of the theory.

            Perturbation theory and variation theory are expressed in the first part.

            Energies of particle in the box and Harmonic oscillator are calculated in the second part. Calculations are manual and use Mathcad 7 professional software.

            In the final part, discussion and conclusion are presented.

EXCHANGE INTEGRAL FOR 3D SHELL OF FERROMAGNETIC MATERIAL

In this paper, we have discussed about the ferromagnetic orders. Among the various magnetic materials ferromagnetic materials are very strongly magnetic. The best known examples of ferromagnet are the translation metals Fe, Co and Ni. The strong interaction between neighboring atomic magnetic dipole are also discussed in chapter 2. In chapter 3 the calculation of relation between the exchange integral and the ratio of inter-atomic spacing to the radius of 3d unfilled shell is described. We use the Mathcad programming in calculation of exchange integral. Discussion and conclusion is stated in chapter 4.

PIC16F882 BASED TRAFFIC LIGHT SYSTEM

This research focuses on the design and construction of a prototype traffic light system using PIC. The main control device of the constructed system is PIC16F882 microcontroller. Internal oscillator of PIC16F882 microcontroller is used by configuring program software. To display traffic lights, green LED, yellow LED and red LED are used in this research. The constructed traffic light system can operate automatically or in the manual control mode. The program is written with the Assembly Language in the MPLAB software.

THREE PATTERNS OF LEDs FLASHER

           

In this project, the circuit to display the three patterns of LED flash is constructed using PIC microcontroller 16F84A and 24 LEDs which has different colors (8 red LEDs, 10 green LEDs, 6 yellow LEDs). This circuit consists of three main parts, PIC16F84A, power supply and LED flasher. The 24 LEDs are arranged to form a 3 x8 in the LED flasher. The program is written in Assembly language.

ELECTRIC-SHOCK PREVENTER

           

This circuit can protect from electrical shock by cutting off power source automatically. The greatest number of a circuit is no doubt found in homes. Even though these circuits are used by almost everyone, the principles are unfamiliar to must people because the circuit are hidden behind wall.

            It is also important to know that most electric 220 volt systems are made of two main wires, the phase and neutral. The phase wire is engerized and will result in a shock, and the other is just to receive power after making work production, and will lead it to the earth. This is exactly why we can touch a bare wire, even if it is interconnected with the system and do not take shock, that is, the wire is probably the neutral on and can not cause shock. It is important to know that even if you touch the phase wire, shock will occurs only if you are in touch with neutral wore, floor, walls, etc.

CALCULATION THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WAVE MOTION

There are many kinds of waves in nature, such as sound waves, seismic waves and electromagnetic waves. All of these waves have as their source a vibrating object. Waves are classified according to the direction of the particle motion ith respect to the direction of propagation. Two general types of waves are transverse waves and longitudinal waves. All waveforms have similar characteristics, and since all forms of wave motion floolw the same laws and principles, knowing the fundamentals of wave motion follow the same laws and principles, knowing the fundamentals of wave motion is important in understanding sound, light and other types of waves. Important basic characteristics of waves are wavelength, amplitude, period and frequency. In this paper, the two types of wave motion such as simple pendulum and vibrating strings were considered. The period of simple pendulum with various length were measured. The tension of string with various frequencies were measured and impedance of vibrating strings were calculated.

PIC16F877A BASED DIGITAL COUNTER

           

The aim of this research is to construct a digital counter by using PIC16F877A microcontroller and 2-line 16-character Liquid Crystal Display. For the oscillator circuit of the PIC16F877A microcontroller, 4 MHz crystal is used. The program is written with Assembly Language in MPLAB software. The desired program is downloaded from USB port of the personal computer to the PIC16F877A microcontroller via the PICKIT 2 programmer. The constructed digital counter can perform three digit numbers counting from “000” to “999”.

CONSTRUCTIONOF FLASH SLAVE

           

The title of the thesis is the Construction of Flash Slave. A flash slave is just a high-speed light activated switch that triggers a secondary flashgun when it detects the flash of the light from the main gun. Provided the camera has a built-in flash unit , flash slave enable any number of extra flashguns to be used without the need for any form of external flash connections on the camera.

DETRMINATION OF GAMMA SHIELDING PROPERTIES OF CONCRETES CONTAINING DIFFERENT AGGREGATES

The shielding properties of gamma rays, by concrete have been investigated for concretes containing different amounts of cement and sand. The linear attenuation coefficients (cm^-1) have been calculated at photon energy of 662keV. We used the standard gamma source ¹³⁷Cs and its activity is 5Ci. It is shown that the type of the concrete is more important than the amount of sample used in concrete for gamma ray shielding.

GAMMA RAYS ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT OF IN (DIPTEROCARPUS OBTUSIFOLIUS)

           

In this research work, gamma ray absorption coefficient of In slabs (Dipterocarpus Obtusifolius) were measured by using a radioactive source ¹³⁷Cs ( 5Ci), 3” x3” NaI(Tl) scintillation detector, ORTEC Amplifier (model 671) and Multichannel Analyser with Gamma Vision 32 software. It can be observed that the decrease peak counts with increasing the thickness of absorber. The measured attenuation curves of gamma radiation emitted by nuclides ¹³⁷Cs ( 5Ci) are in good agreement with the exponential attenuation law. Linear absorption coefficient varies with type of the absorber. 

DETERMINATION OF CONCENTRATION FACTORS FOR SOME KINDS OF RICE BY AAS METHOD

The aim of this work is to study the heavy metal concentration factor for some kinds of monsoon rice. Quantitative determination of heavy metal concentrations (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and PB) in the monsoon rice sample and their cultivated soils were carried out by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. These samples were quantitatively analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (Perkin Elmer A Analyst-800) at Universities’ Research Centre (URC), University of Yangon. Heavy metal concentration factors from soil to investigated rice were determined for Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn, except Pb.

dETERMINATION OF ATTENUATION OF BETAS IN SHIELDING MATERIALS BY GEIGER MULLER COUNTER

The aim of this work is to determine the linear and mass attenuation coefficients for thallium-204 and strontium-90 beta sources by Giger-Muller counter. The absorber used in this work is aluminium and lead. And then, the maximum beta energy for each beta source and absorber was been also calculated and discussed.

Lcd-Based Clock with hours-minutes-seconds display

This project focuses on the design and construction of LCD-based Clock with Hours Minutes Seconds Display by using PIC microcontroller. This circuit consists of three main parts, PIC 16F877A (main control device), SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply) and LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). The program in this project is written with PIC Basic Pro Language.

Estimation of Radon Concentrations in coal samples

In this thesis, radon concentration along with radon exhalation rates from some coal samples have been estimated, using alpha sensitive CR-39 plastic track detectors. Solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs) have found wide used in various domains of science and technology. From the radon concentrations, mass exhalation rates, surface exhalation rates and the annual effective dose are carried out. The radon concentration in coal samples are 65.862 x 10² Bqm³ and 17.585 x 10² Bqm^-3, radon mass exhalation rates are 0.04669 mBqkg^-1h^-1 and 0.2988 mBqkg^-1h^-1. In addition the annual effective doses have been calculated. The annual effective doses are 1.133 x 10² mSvy^-1 and 0.302 x 10² mSvy^-1.

COMPARISON OF OPTICAL MODEL PARAMETERS FOR LIGHT NUCLIDES AND HEAVY NUCLIDES

The optical model potential parameters play an important role for the analysis of neutron nuclear data. The existing global optical potential parameter sets need to be modified to get optimum calculated neutron cross sections which are in good agreement with experimental data. We have used ABAREX and SCAT2 to evaluate the best local optical model parameter set for the light nuclide Al-27 and Si-28 and for the heavy nuclides Pb-208 and Th-232. We analyse ABAREX parameters, SCAT2 parameters and other IAEA parameters. We use ABAREX and SCAT2 to calculate total neutron cross sections. The results are compared with those of IAEA experimental data and evaluated nuclear data. The results are presented in tables and graph using Microsoft Excel. All evaluated nine parameters are useful for the calculation of neutron total cross sections. The results obtained by using these parameters are in good agreement with those of IAEA data. In using our evaluated optical model parameter set, the total neutron cross sections using it are in better agreement with IAEA data than ACAT2 data and ABAREX default data. Our evaluated optical parameter set can be used to calculate neutron total cross sections for light nuclides as well as for high nuclides. The results with be useful for the development of a global parameter set for other nuclides.

TEMPERATURE DISPLAY WITH LCD USING PIC16F877A MICROCONTROLLER

The aim of this research is to construct a temperature display by using PIC 16F877A microcontroller and 2-line 16-character Liquid Crystal Display. In this research work, temperature sensor interfacing system has been constructed. The main control devices are PIC 16F877A, LM35DZ temperature sensor and output data are displayed on LCD. For the oscillator circuit of the PIC 16F877A microcontroller, 4MHz crystal is used. The program is written with PicBasic Pro Language.

COMPARISON OF TOXIC-ELEMENTS IN SOIL FROM MEIKTILA- AREA

In this research work, three kinds of soil samples were collected from three different places in Meiktila area. The concentrations of elements in these soil samples were measured by EDXRF to determine toxic- elements in soil from Meiktila area. Aluminium (Al), Silicon(Si), Iron(Fe) are major elements (greater than 10000 ppm), Phosphorous, Sulphur(S), Chlorine(Cl), Titanium(Ta), Manganese(Mn), Zirconium(Zr), Barium(Ba) are minor elements (less than 10000 ppm), other heavy metals (toxic elements) such as Rubidium(Rb) and lead(Pb) are trace elements (less than 100 ppm) in these samples. By comparison of concentration of radioactive elements contained in the soil samples with IAEA standard, soil samples have very small amount of toxic-elements but they are not hazardous (dangerous) level.

INVESTIGATION OF THE CONCENTRATION OF ELEMENTS IN SOME MEDICINES BY USING EDXRF METHOD

The concentrations of elements contained in the medicines are analyzed using the standard EDXRF spectrometer. Also the elemental analysis of medicine samples plays an important role in public health and environmental preservation. The current situation in the world today, most of the drugs produced is based on chemicals, which has side effects. In this research work, the traditional diabetic medicines such as Anada Thuka and Phyu Sin Myit Ta were analysed by EDXRF. According to the results Si, Cl, K, Ca and P are major elements in these samples. Toxic elements such as cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), arsenic (As) were not observed in these samples.

VIP ALARM BY USING PIC MICROCONTROLLER

In this thesis “VIP ALARM” was constructed by using PIC microcontroller. In this thesis, there are three mains parts. They are 5V power supply, PIC 16 F 84 A micro-controller and sound volume control system. In this work, the program is written by using Assembly Language.

COMPARISON OF ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS OF DIFFERENT ABSORPERS BY USING CS-137 AND CO-60 SOURCES

The aim of this research is to be familiar with the Gamma ray spectroscopy by using NaI(Tl) scintillation detector. The linear absorption coefficient of Aluminium (Al), Iron (Fe) and Lead (Pb) are measured by using NaI(Tl) scintillation detector and Gamma Vision 32 sofeware. The standard sources Cs-137 and Co-60 are used in this research. Moreover the experimentally observed linear absorption coefficient values are found to be in good agreement with the reported values of ORTEC manual with 95% confident limit.

INTERFACING BETWEEN MICROCONTROLLER AND DOR-MATRIX DISPLAY

In this thesis, the display of Myanmar alphabets characters will be shown on the 8x8 dot-matrix display. In this work, there are four main sections. They are input unit, main control unit, driver unit and display unit, PIC16F877A microcontroller is used main control device. TD62783APG and ULN2803A ICs are used as driver IC. The program is written with Assembly Language in MPLAB software. We can expect to drive microprocessor display based with the help of this thesis.

DETERMINATION OF GROUND STATE ENERGY AND WAVE FUNTION OF  SYSTEM

The purpose of our research is to determine the wave function of system which supports to get the information about the weak decay rate of that system. S0, we have solved the Schrodinger equation which is described the two body system consisting of  particle and core nucleus ¹¹C by using Gaussian basis wave function. The interaction between  and core nucleus ¹¹C is determined by using Gaussian potential which is transformed from Woods-Saxan to Gaussian Form. And, the ground state binding energy and wave function of  system were determined using two body calculation. Our calculated ground energy is -10.718 MeV.

STUDY ON THE CLASSICAL SCATTERING CROSS-SECTION BY A CENTRAL POTENTIAL

We showed particles are scattered from a central potential V(r) using classical Newtonian mechanics. We calculated scattering cross-sections of alpha particle by using Coulomb potential. We obtained the Rutherford scattering formula for the scattering of a beam of particles by a repulsive Coulomb potential.

STUDY OF THE POLARIZATION OF SODIUM RESONANCE FLUORESCENCE RADIAION

The general form of the degree of polarization equation applicable for resonance fluorescence process is formulated considering arbitrary excitation-detection geometry. The degree of polarization for a particular case where the observation direction is right angle to the linearly polarized excitation direction is studied. Using irreducible tensor technique, the formulae of the degree of linear polarization (P) and polarization anisotropy (R)are derived. The polarization behavior in zero field for two transition types such as (R , R↓) and (Q , Q↓) case of the sodium atom are calculated. The obtained results are compared with the classical theoretical results. It is found that our obtained results from tensor technique are good in agreement with classical theoretical results.

Crystallographic Investigation of TiO₂ Sample by using XRD

X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were carried out for the sample to investigate phase assignment, crystallographic orientation and lattice parameter. In the X-ray diffraction studies, there are three kinds of methods were used. They are Laue’s technique, the rotating crystal method and powder method. Powder method is the most widely used diffraction method to determine the structure of crystalline solids. In this research work, the TiO₂ sample was investigated to get the lattice parameters and crystalline size by using powder X-ray diffraction method.

ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF MEDICINAL TEBLETS BY USING ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY METHOD

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) method used for the quantitative and quantitative determination of elements contained in sample. Detection of limits in AAS lie typically in the ppm to ppb range. The present work is carried out for the quality control or quality check (QC) of impurities or toxicities in cold tablets such as Procold, Decolgen, Fluza, Boigesic. It is intended to determine the elements in them and to compare the results of elemental analysis among them.

Study on the application of XRD method by using the NiO Sample

           

X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were carried out for the sample to investigate phase assignment, crystallographic orientation and lattice parameters. In the X-ray diffraction studies, there are three kinds of methods were used. They are rotating crystal method, Laue’s method and powder method. The powder method is convenient in applied and in metallurgical work because single crystals are not required. In this research work, the NiO sample was investigated to get the lattice parameters and crystallite size by using powder X-ray diffraction method.

Analysis of elemental concentration in tobacco leaves

           

In this research work, three kind of tobacco samples were collected from Pakokku and Pyawbwe. The concentration of elements in these samples were measured by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (EDXRF) to determine concentration of elements in tobacco leaves. According to results, heavy metals like Manganese (Mn), Bromine (Br) and Strontium (Sr) were found trace element level and other radioactive nuclides Cobalt (Co), Cesium (Cs) and Barium (Ba) were found less than trace element level in the tobacco samples.

Study of deuteron physics for heavy hydrogen

Scientists have developed a variety of applications for deuterium and its compounds. Is is useful for the study of macromolecules by neutron scattering. Deuterated solvents (such as heavy water) are routinely used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Deuterated compounds are also useful for femtosecond infrared spectroscopy. Deuterium is also a fuel for nuclear fusion reactions, which could someday be harnessed for commercial-scale power generation.

Elemental analysis of Ayekayit (Millingtonia hortensis L.f) by using EDXRF Method

In this research work, the Millingtonia hortensisleaves, bark and root samples were collected from Kyin village, Malaing Township, Mandalay Division in Myanmar. These samples were quantitatively analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (EDXRF). The X-ray fluorescence spectrometer used in this work is SPECTRO XEPOS at Experimental Nuclear Physics laboratory, Department of physics, Mandalay University. The elements in Millingtonia hortensis leaves, bark and root samples were also studied.

            Among the elements contained in Millingtonia hortensis leaves, bark and root, Ca and K and are determined as major components. A few percent of Al, Si, P, Cl, S, Sr and Fe are also observed as minor components. Tim Mn and Zn are observed as trace elements.

Study of Numerical differentiation with spread sheet

           

The numerical differentiation which are based on Taylar series are studied. In working numerical differentiation, Microsoft Office Excel spread sheet was used. The numerical and analytical results were compared, for the first order and second order differentiation. The significance of truncation errors are found in first order differentiation. In second order differentiation, both truncation and round off errors are found.

Keypad displayed on seven segment LED

           

In this thesis, “Keypad displayed on 7-segment LED” was constructed by using PIC microcontroller. There are four mains parts. They are 5V power supply, PIC 16F877A, 7-segment and keypad. In this work, the program is written by using Assembly Language. The constructed system consist of four main sections and they are 4x4 keypad, main control section, display section and power supply section. The function of 4x4 keypad is to enter the required data or number into the main control section. The functions of main control section are to receive the input data or number of 4x4 keypad and to output the corresponding row-column number into the display section. The function of display section is show the row-column number on the 7-segmnent display. The function of power supply section is to apply the regulated +5V.

Elemental analysis of Sinton-ma-new ( Tinospora cordifolia) by using EDXRF Method

           

In this research work, the Sinton-ma-new leaves and stems samples were collected from Talpintae village, Kyaukpadoung Township, Mandalay Division in Myanmar. These samples were quantitatively analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (EDXRF). The X-ray fluorescence spectrometer used in this work is SPECTRO XEPOS at Experimental Nuclear Physics laboratory, Department of physics, Mandalay University. The elements in Sinton-ma-new leaves and stems samples were also studied.

            Among the elements contained in Sinton-ma-new leaves and stems, Cl, K and Ca are determined as major components. A few percent of Al, Si, P, S and Fe are also observed as minor components. Tim Mn, Zn and Sr are observed as trace elements.

Crystallographic investigation of ZnO ample by using XRD

           

The main purpose of this research work is to determine the crystallographic structure of ZnO sample by using XRD method. There are three methods of XRD (X-ray Diffraction). They are rotating crystal method, Laue’s method and powder method. In this research work, the ZnO sample was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, between the diffraction anlges range of 25° and 70° to analyze the crystal structure and lattice parameters. An then, the crystallite size of ZnO sample at 450°C, 600°C and 700°C were calculated.

LCD-BASED CHRONOMETER

WITH HOURS-MINUTES-SECONDS DISPLAY

This research focuses on the design and construction of LCD-based Chronometer with Hours: Minutes: Seconds display by using PIC microcontroller. This circuit consists of three main parts, PIC 16F877A (main control device), 9 volts battery and LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). The time period can be calculated by using timer zero (TMR0). The program in this research was written with PIC Basic Pro Language.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN ELECTRONIC SIREN

The microcontroller based electronic siren is constructed by using PIC 16F84A microcontroller. The device can produce dc pulse in audible range by the use of timer interrupt. The frequencies of the pulses change alternately between 3.125 kHz and 1.786 kHz.

STUDY OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND CRITICAL FIELD FOR SOME PURE METALS AND SOME COMPOUND METALS

The aim of this work is to study the superconducting state by using Meissner effect. Firstly, super currents, penetration depth and other properties were reviewed. Secondly, BCS theory of superconductivity and some characteristic properties of superconductors are also studied. Finally, the critical field for some pure metals and some compound metals in superconducting state are calculated by using Meissner effect. Discussion and conclusion are described.

COMPARISON OF MINERALS CONTAINED IN VITAMIN TABLETS USING X-RAY FLUORESCENCE METHOD

Furamin-BC, 21-Vita, Provimin, Enervon-C and Viferron vitamin tablets were collected from local market in Meiktila Township. The energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) system was used to determine the concentrations of minerals contained in them. The concentrations of elements contained in these vitamin tablets were compared. The comparative study indicates that Viferron, 21-Vita and Provimin tablets have more essential mineral than other vitamin tablets. The concentration of iron (Fe) an essential supplement for tissue and blood is highest in Furamin-BC tablet and the highest content of calcium (Ca) an essential constituent of bone and teeth of the body, is found in Viferron and 21-Vita tablets.

RELATIVISTIC EFFECT ON K^- INSIDE 12C AND  208Pb

In this research work, the relativistic effect on deeply bound kaonic nuclei is investigated. Kaons in nuclear medium feel very strong attraction which can lead to kaonic condensation in highly dense nuclear matter. Inside such a strongly bound system, relativistic effect plays a significant role on binding mechanism. Firstly the significance of relativistic effect in atomic system by point coulomb interaction using Schrödinger, Dirac and Klein-Gordon equations were investigated. And then the (K^- -12C) and (K^- -208Pb) Schrödinger equation with Wood-Saxon potential are solved.

DETERMINATION OF THE MEAN FREE PATH FOR DIFFERENT GAMMA ENERIES BY NaI (TI) DETECTOR

In this research work, the attenuation coefficient for different energies gamma sources 133Ba, 137Cs and 60Co are measured by using NaI (TI) scintillation detector and gamma Version 32 software. The experimentally observed attenuation coefficient values are found to be in good agreement with the previously reported values of “Measurement and Detection of radiation” (Nicholas Tsoulfanidis). And then by using these attenuation coefficients, the mean free paths for different gamma energies were calculated.

DETERMINATION OF THE MASS AND FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION USING VARIOUS GAMMA SOURCES BY GM COUNTER

The aim of this work is to determine the mass attenuation coefficients and the fractional attenuation for gamma rays passing through lead by GM counter. The gamma sources used in this work are barium-133, sodium-22, cesium-137, manganese-54 and cobalt-60 by lead absorber. The experimental and theoretical values for the mass attenuation coefficients are well agreement with the literature. And then, the fractional attenuations for each gamma source were been also calculated and discussed.

STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF XRD METHOD BY USING THE NiO SAMPLE

X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was carried out for the sample to investigate phase assignment, crystallographic orientation and lattice parameters. In the X-ray diffraction studies, there are three kinds of methods were used. They are rotating crystal method, Laue’s method and powder method. The powder method is convenient in applied and in metallurgical work because single crystals are not required. In this research work, the NiO sample was investigated to get the lattice parameters and crystallite size by using powder X-ray diffraction method.

RADON CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENT IN WATER FROM MEIKTILA UNIVERSITY, USING SOLID STATE NUCLEAR

TRACK DETDCTORS

In this thesis, radon concentration from water samples have been estimated, using alpha sensitive CR-39 plastic track detector. Solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs) have found wide used in various domains of science and technology. From the radon concentrations, the annual effective doses are carried out. The radon concentration in water samples are 25.953 Bqm^-3, 11.753 Bqm^-3, 43.953 Bqm^-3 and 55.707Bqm^-3.

THE ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATION OF QUID OF BETEL USING ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUE

In this research work, Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer was used to find out the major elemental concentrations in quid of betel and four kinds of materials which contained in betel quid. Five samples were collected from market in Meiktila. The concentrations of elements contained in these samples were compared. Calcium, chlorine and potassium were found as major elements in betel quid. According to the comparative study indicates that, the maximum amount of sulphur was found in slaked lime. The maximum amount of chlorine was observed in tobacco. The maximum amount of potassium was found in betel leaf and calcium was found in slaked lime. The maximum amount of iron was contained in quid of betel. The maximum amount of sulphur and calcium were observed only in slaked lime. The significance of the results is discussed in view of implications in health and disease.

STUDY ON ADDITION OF TWO ARBITRARY ANGULAR MOMENTA

The angular momentum operators and their commutation relations were calculated. The addition of two angular moment and the Clebsch- Gordan coefficients for coupling of j1=1 and j2=1 were illustrated. Vector operators and addition of total angular momentum j=j1 + j2 were investigated. Application of the angular momentum operators, eigenvalue and eigen function for their simple properties are also mentioned.

AUTOMATIC SCHOOL BELL ALARM BY USING PIC16F877A MICROCONTROLLER

This research is the design and construction of Automatic School Bell Alaram Timer system and based on PIC16F877A microcontroller. The purpose of this research is to simply the setting time for the school bell to be activated. This research takes over the task of ring automatically instead of the manual switching of the school bell. When the real time is equal to the setting bell time, them the bell is to be ringing. In this research, quartz crystal (4MHz) is used to control the speed of instruction in the microcontroller. And one shot signal pulse output of microcontroller is given to switch on the timer system by matching with optocopuler. The regular time of clock is displayed by LCD display which is also controlled by microcontroller. School bell alarm is made ringing automatically according to the program of microcontroller.

ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF MOSQUITO REPELLENT BY USING ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE METHOD

The elemental analysis of different mosquito repellent (Jumbo Coil, Amei Jintong Coil and turmeric finger) are used to determine toxic elements in them. The concentrations of elements contained in these samples are compared by using EDXRF. There is no major element in Jumbo Coil, Calcium (Ca) is major element in Amei Jintong Coil (Chinese-made coil) and Potassium (K) was found as major element in turmeric finger (Myanmar Traditional Repellent). But lead (Pb) was observed as trace element in three samples. Therefore, three samples of mosquito repellent are assumed to be safe in use.

STUDY OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM OPERATORS AND SPIN WAVE FUNCTIONS

The angular momentum operators and their commutation relations are studied. The addition of two angular momenta for coupling of j₁= ½ and j₂= ½ are discussed and the Clebsch- Gordan coefficients are carried out. Application of the angular momentum operators and Clebsch- Gordan coefficients in spin physics is also mentioned.

INVESTIGATION OF FOUR KINDS OF CHILLI SAUCE BY USING AAS METHOD

The aim of this work is to study the heavy metals concentration for some kinds of chilli sauce. Quantitative determination of heavy metal concentration ( Cd,Cr and Pb) in the chilli sauce sample by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Detection of limits in AAS lie typically in the ppm to ppb range. These samples were quantitatively analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry ( Perkin Elmer A Analyst-800) at Universities’ Research Centre ( URC), University of Yangon.

ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATION IN Gyin ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe) By Using EDXRF METHOD

In this thesis, the Gyin samples (Rhizome) were collected from Aung Ban and Lashio Township, Shan State in Myanmar. These samples were quantitatively analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer ( EDXRF). The X-ray fluorescence spectrometer used in this work is SPECTRO XEPOS at Experimental Nuclear Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Mandalay University. The elements in Gyin samples were also studied.

Among the elements contained in powdered Gyin samples, chlorine(Cl) and potassium (K) are determined as major elements. A few percent of Aluminium(Al), silicon (Si),phosphorous (P), sulphur(S), calcium (Ca) and iron(Fe) are also observed as minor components. Titanium(Ti), manganese(Mn), copper(Cu) and zinc(Zn) are observed as trace element.

According to the result and measurement of present work, no toxic chemical substances and no components hazardous to health were found. So the elements in ginger aid human for health. Thus, ginger should be used not only spice but also health benefits and drugs. Moreover, the composition of elemental concentration results in very useful for herbal plants and herbal medicines.

INVESTIGATION OF SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTOR

This thesis is intended to construct a solar energy collector by using sheets of wood for the collector box, aluminum foil for the reflection of light. The materials included in this work are a cooking pot filled with water for thermal energy storage, two thermometers to measure the heat temperature, the heat absorber plate and a glass to cover the collector box for the enclosed space. After constructing the collector, we measured the heat energy collected in the collector box by varying the insulators.; Then, for each insulator the resulting energy temperature outside the collector per hour is presented and discussed.

A STUDY OF THE ENERGY AND RADIUS OF POSITRONIUM IN THE BOUND STATE AND SHORT-LIVED BY USING C++ PROGRAMME

The aim of this research is to study the energy and radius of positronium in the bound state and short lived. These calculations are based on Bohr model. In this research the energy and radius of positronium for three lowest states are calculated by manual and using C++ program.

SECURITY DOOR OPENING SYSTEM BY USING PIC MICROCONTROLLER

A microcontroller based electronic locking system is constructed by using PIC 16F877A microcontroller. An electronic lock allows activation of an electric appliance only on entering the correct password. The MCU is interfaced with a 4x4 matrix keypad and a 16x2 LCD to form the user interface. It can be used as an electronic door lock by interfacing the output of the circuit with an electrically actuated door lock. The system turns on the appliance on entering a four digit password set by the user.

CALCULATION OF GROUND STATE ENERGY FOR TWO-ELECTRON ATOMIC SYSTEM

The simplest atoms or ions consisting of a nucleus of charge Ze and two electrons are considered. The non-relativistic quantum mechanical theory for two-electron atoms is studied. Firstly, the independent particle model to calculate the ground state energy of two-electron atoms is used. Then, some detailed the ground state of two-electron atoms are studied using perturbation theory and the variational method.

INVESTIGATION OF POLARIZED LIGHT

Gauss law and Ampere law are studied for magnetic field. Faraday law is also studied for electric field and magnetic field. Radiation density matrix, polarization density matrix and Strokes parameters are calculated. Linear polarization and circular polarization are investigated. Linear polarization is calculated for electric field. The polarization can be expressed using several different methods.

4 x 4 KEYPAD CHARACTER ON LCD DISPLAY BY USING PIC MICROCONTROLLER

In this thesis “4x4 keypad character on LCD display by using PLC maincontroller” was constructed. In this work, the program is written by using Assembly language. The constructed system consists of four main sections and they are 4x4 keypad, main control section, display section and power supply section. The function of “4x4keypad is to enter the required data or number into the main control section. The functions of main control section are to receive the input data or number of 4x4keypad and to convert the receive data into the LCD data format. The function of section show the receive data or number correctly. The function of power supply applies the regulated +5 V to control section and display section.

ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF SHAZAUNG-LET-PAT [Aloevera(L) Burm.f.]BY USING ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE METHOD

In this research work, Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer was used to find out the major elemental concentrations in Aloe vera leaf and Aloe vera gel.The concentrations of elements contained in these smaples were compared. Chlorine, potassium and calcium were found as major elements in two samples. Vanadium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium and lead were found as trace elements in sample 1.Manganese was found as minor element in sample 2. The elements, vanadium, cobalt, nickel,copper, zinc, cadmium and lead were found as trace elements in sample 2. According to the comparative study, the maximum amount of chlorine, potassium, iron, and aluminum were found in Aloe vera gel. The significance of the results is in view of implications in herbal drugs.

CONSTRUCTION OF AUTO PROTECTOR FOR REFRIGERATOR

The main purpose of this project is construction of “Auto Protector for Refrigerator”. This project composes of three portions and they are unregulated power supply, low voltage protector circuit, and high voltage protector circuit. The device was constructed by two pnp transistors (A1015) for driving the relays. The instability of the AC main line voltage will cause the damages of expensive electrical and electronic devices. To avoid the damages of the appliances we have to use an electronic device that is “Auto Protector for Refrigerator”. The range of working voltage of the main line is between  165 V AC and 250V AC. This circuit is simple and not expensive for construction. This protector circuit will operate between 165 V and 250 V, if the line voltage beyond that limit the protector circuit cut the line voltage. Thus the very low and very high voltage will not reach the appliance. Therefore, the appliance will be safe. So, it is useful for protecting the electrical and electronic appliances.

A STUDY OF THE FLOW RATE OF LIQUID EMERGING FROM THE HOLE BY BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

The study of fluid flow is also an important topic (called hydraulic for liquids). This is difficult subject, and simplification and idealizations are in order. The flow rate is defined as the volume of  fluid that passes a certain cross section of its pipe per unit time.

In the first part, Bernoulli’s principle is presented. Bernoulli’s equation for incompressible and compressible fluids are explained in second part. The flow rate calculations are in third part and, discussion and conculsion are expressed in final part.

THERMAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF BaTiO₃ SPICEMEN

The barium oxide (BaO) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) raw materials were used for the preparation of Ba_(1-x)Ti_(x)O3(x = 0.5 mole) powder. The thermal properties and crystalline behavior of BaTiO₃ powder were observed by thermogravimetry analysis and differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA technique). From the TGA-DTA analysis, the two endothermic peaks and weight loss were occurred.Grain size and micro structural properties of the BaTiO₃ powder were examined by Scanning-Electron Microscope. The grain sizes were obtained 0.28μm and 0.29μm.

ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATION IN

Ta-mar (Axadirachta indica A. Juss) BY USING EDXRF METHOD

In this research work, the Ta-mar leaves and bark samples were collected from Kantharaye village, Meiktila Township, Mandalay Division in Myanmar. These samples were quantitatively analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (EDXRF). The X-ray fluorescence spectrometer used in this work is SPECTRO XEPOS at Experimental Nuclear Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Mandalay University. The elements in Ta-mar leaves and bark samples were also studied.

Among the elements contained in Ta-mar leaves and bark K, Ca are determined as major components. A few percent of Cl, Al, Si, P, S and
Fe are also observed as minor components. Ti, Mn, Zn and Sr are observed as trace elements.

          DETERMINATION OF THE ENERGIES FOR USING THE RALEIGH-RITZ METHOD

           

Firstly, potential energy of the one dimensional harmonic oscillator is calculated to obtain its Hamiltonian. Secondly, exact energy eigenvalues of the harmonic oscillator are calculated by solving Schrödinger equation. And then, variational method called Rayleigh-Ritz method is studied. Finally, the ground state, the first excited state and the second excited state energies of the one dimensional harmonic oscillator are calculated by using Rayleigh-Ritz method. From that, exact wave functions are also obtained. The results obtained from Rayleigh-Ritz method are compared with exact eigenvalues.

ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF COFFEE ( Coffea arabica L.) BY USING EDXRF METHOD

            Two kinds of coffee samples were bought from Tee Tain Township, Chin State and Kalaw Township, Shan State. The concentrations of element in these coffee samples were measured by EDXRF to determine toxic-elements in coffee samples.

            Among the elements contained in coffee samples (1) (Tee Tain ) and sample (2) ( Burmania), potassium (K) are major elements ( greater than  ppm), Ca, P, Cl, Al, S, Si and Fe are also observed as minor elements. Mn, Cu, Zn, Ti and V are observed as trace elements.

ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATION IN Garlic (Allium  Sativum L.) BY USING EDXRF METHOD

           

In this research work, Myanmar garlic and Shan garlic were collected from Meiktila Township, Mandalay Division and from Pin-Ta-Ya Township, Taunggyi District, Shan State in Myanmar. These samples were quantitatively analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (EDXRF). The X-ray fluorescence spectrometer used in this work is SPECTRO XEPOS at Experimental Nuclear Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Mandalay University. The elements in Myanmar garlic and Shan garlic samples were also studied.

Among the elements contained in Myanmar garlic and Shan garlic, K, Cl, S, P are determined as minor components. A few percent of Al, Ca, Si, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Zn, Ba, Sn are observed as trace elements.

THE ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS OF SOIL SAMPLES IN YAMETHIN, THAZI AND PYAWBWE REGIONS BY NaI (Tl) DETECTION SYSTEM

           

The attenuation coefficient is an important role in agriculture research as well as in industry. Three soil samples were collected from Yamethin (sample I), Pyawbwe (sample II) and Thazi (sample III). This research work is to determine the mass attenuation coefficients of soil samples for 662 keV from and 1274 keV from gamma sources by using NaI (Tl) scintillation detector and Gamma Vision 32 software. The attenuation coefficient usually depends upon the energy of radiations and nature of the material. And then the mas attenuation coefficients were calculated and the half-value thickness were determined. The mass attenuation coefficient decreases as the gamma energy increases. For 662 keV the half-value thickness of soil samples I, II and III are 6.66cm, 5.53cm and 5.87cm respectively. For 1274keV the half-value thickness of soil samples I, II and III are 8.55cm, 6.47cm, 9.36cm respectively. According to this results soil sample II is the minimum half-value thickness for shielding.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN ELECTRONIC DICE

A microcontroller based electronic dice is constructed by using PIC 16F84A microcontroller IC. Instead of rolling, the seven-segment LED display produces a number (between 1 and 16) by pressing a push button. The program generates a ‘random’ number at the display between 1 and 6 when the input button is pressed. A continuous loop will make the increase a register from 1 to 6 and back to 1. The loop is stopped when the button is pressed and the number is displayed. The display is retained when the button is released.

Existence of Magic Numbers in Shell Structure

           

We have studied the nuclear shell model and from this model the existence of nuclear magic numbers are explained. Also, evidence for shell model such as enhanced abundance of magic number nuclei, “magic number” nuclei at end of radioactive series, neutron absorption cross-sections, binding energy for the last neutron as evidence of shell structure, electric quadrupole moments, and excitation energy are studies. In particular, the nuclear spin and parity can be explained.

Studying the Nature of the Universe and Calculation of some Applications

            The paper is an attempt to study the nature of the universe. The different epochs of the universe are investigated. The universe is flat, open or closed. Analytic expression by calculating the relation between the temperature and the cosmic time at earliest universe and the particle horizon distance for a flat universe. Then the calculation are shown that the expansion scale parameter R(t) is proportional to the cosmic time for three epochs of the curvature by using Friedmann equation.

Determination of Some Metals Concentration for Fish Sauce by using AAS Method

            The aim of this work is to study the heavy metals concentration for some kinds of fish sauce. Quantitative determination of heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cr and Pn) in the fish sauce sample analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Limits of detection in AAS lie typically in the ppm to ppb range. These samples were quantitatively analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (Perkin Elmer A Analyst-800) at Universities’ Research Center (URC), University of Yangon.

Investigation of Photon attenuation properties of shielding materials

           

In this research work, the photon attenuation properties of tile and roof tile samples were examined by using standard gamma sources different energies ¹³⁷Cs (662 keV) and ⁶⁰Co (1173 keV and 1332 keV). In this work, NaI(Tl) scintillation detector, MCA and Gamma Vision-32 Software were used to determine. The mass attenuation coefficient usually depends upon the radiation energy and nature of the material. According to these results, the mass attenuation coefficient of tile and roof tile decreased with the increasing of radiation energy. And then the mass attenuation coefficient of tile is smaller than roof tile.

A study of radioactive decay with numerical method

           

We study radioactive decay by using numerical differentiation method. In working numerical differentiation, we have used Microsoft Office Excel spreadsheet. The numerical and analytical results were compared, the forward and central difference quotient method are applied to the disintegration law. We have studied radioactive decay of   isotope using forward difference quotient method. The numerical method is good in agreement with analytical results.

Analysis of elemental concentration in Na-nwin (Cuumrma Longa L.) by using EDXRF Method

            In this thesis, the Na-nwin samples (rhizome) were collected from Yamathin District and Kyaukse District, Mandalay Division in Myanmar. These samples were quantitatively analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (EDXRF). The X-ray fluorescence spectrometer used in this work is SPECTRO XEPOS at Experimental Nuclear Physics laboratory, Department of physics, Mandalay University. The elements in powdered Na-nwin samples were also studied.

            Among the elements contained in powdered Na-nwin samples, potassium (K) is determined as major component. A dew percent of aluminium (Al), silicon (Si), phosphorous (P), chlorine (Cl), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) are also observed as minor components, copper (Cu) and zinc (zn) are observed as trace element.

            According to the result and measurement of present work, no toxic chemical substances and no components hazardous to health were found.

A study on crystal structure of MgO by using XRD

           

The main purpose of the research work is to determine the crystallographic structure of MgO sample by using ERD method. In this research, MgO sample was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction between the diffraction angles range of 25° to 69° to analyze the crystal structure and lattice parameters. According to the results the structure of MgO is cubic and average lattice parameter is 4.2088Ǻ. The crystalline size and theoretical density of MgO sample were calculated. According to the results theoretical density of the crystal is 3.557 g cm^-3.

Elemental analysis of Tabin-taing-myanam (Cissus discolor Blme) by using EDXRF Method

           

The Cissus discolor Blme tuber and root samples were collected from Myindike village, Kalaw Township, Shan State in Myanmar. These samples were quantitatively analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (EDXRF). The X-ray fluorescence spectrometer used in this work is SPECTRO XEPOS at Experimental Nuclear Physics laboratory, Department of physics, Mandalay University. The elements if Cissus discolor Blme tuber and root samples were also studied.

            Among the elements contained in Cissus discolor Blme tuber and root, Ca is determined as major element. A few percent of Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Mn, K and Fe are also observed as minor elements. Ti, Zn, Sr and Ba are observed as trace elements.

Analysis of elemental concentration in monosodium glutamate by using EDXRF method

           

In this research work, Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer was used to find out the major elemental concentrations in monosodium glutamate. The two samples of MSG were analyzed by EDXRF Method. The concentrations of elements contained in these samples were compared. Chlorine was found as minor element in sample (2).

            Toxic trace elements like aluminiums (Al), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and leaf (Pb) were found trace elements level in the MSG samples. According to the chemical analysis results, the values of parameters for two MSG samples are compared from WHO standard values. The significance of the results is discussed in view of implications in health and disease. In this paper has been established to warn the public about the potential dangers of monosodium glutamate (MSG).

Studying on splitting of energy levels in a magnetic field

           

In this research, the energy level, quantum numbers and atomic energy levels, Zeeman effect and Land  g-factor for magnetic field are studied. Firstly, the Lande g-factor was calculated and then the splitting for the energy levels are also studied. The Zeeman pattern can be expressed by the using selection rule and different orbital angular momentums values. Atoms, ions or molecules are commonly used for the energy levels of electrons.

Calculation of Neutron cross-sections for intermediate nuclides in the energy range from 0.1 MeV to 22 MeV by SCAT 2

The neutron induced nuclear reaction cross-sections particular for intermediate nuclides. Aluminum, ion and zinc, incident with neutrons of energy 0.1 MeV to 22 MeV are calculated using IAEA nuclear code “SCAT2”.We have used SCAT2 parameters to calculate reaction cross-sections. The results are presented in table and graph using Microsoft Excel. These results ar compared with the experimental nuclear data. These calculations can be provide nuclear data for applications in science and technology.

Determination of Mass Attenuation Coefficients of aluminium by NaI(Tl) Detection system

           

This research work is to determine the mass attenuation coefficients of Aluminium for 511 keV from ²²Na, 662 keV from ¹³⁷Cs and 1274 keV from ²²Na gamma sources by using NaI(Tl) scintillation detector and to evaluate how it varies as a function of gamma energy. A precise method for determination of mass attenuation coefficient of gamma rays using NaI(Tl) detector is described in this paper. It can be observed that mass attenuation coefficient decrease as the gamma enrgy increases. Mass attenuation coefficients obtained from this research work are compared tot heir accepted values from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Measured values are in agreement with their respective accepted values.