Monday, July 20, 2015

Abstract : Department of History



THE STUDY OF LAWSUITS AND WRITTEN JUDICIAL DECISIONS FROM MEIKTILA AND THE SURROUNDIONG AREAS

Candidate - Thein Swe Oo (M.Res-Tha-1)

ABSTRACT

The study of Lawsuits and Written Judicial Decisions from Meiktila and the surrounding areas is an attempt to deal with the lawsuits which took place in Meiktila and in the neighboring areas. The study of lawsuits is based on the contemporary records such as Hpyat-sa-thet-Ka-yits (Written contracted agreement concerning court decisions). The parabaiks which had been found and collected in Meiktila and the neighboring areas carry the lawsuits and Hpyat-sa-thet-Ka-yits. Thet-ka-yit is a written contracted agreement, such as obligatory notes concerning money-lending, land-mortgaging, and other kinds of contracts. Hpyat-sa is the legal document which records the judgment of verdict passed by a respectable person or the court of law after hearing the cases such as the case of debt, the case of land dispute, and the case of robbery or theft and so on. Hpyat-sa is the contract which both parties in a lawsuit are obliged to observe. The lawsuits reflect the traditional judicial system as well as the socio-economic conditions of the society in the late Konbaung period. There are three chapters in my thesis: (1) Historical background (2) Traditional Courts of law and Judges and (3) Lawsuits.


HISTORICAL EVIDENCES OF THE ROYAL ORDERS (1819-1837)

Candidate - Thidar Win (2-Maha-Tha-2)

ABSTRACT

When a state emerged, it is resided not only by an ethnic group, but by a variety of national races. Among them, they person with ability occupied the territories and administered the kingdom, but mostly were elected to govern the country and monarchy or government was established. In this way, there appeared two distinct classes in the kingdom: the administrative class and ruled people. The national races maintained their traditions and customs through relaying to posterity in the successive periods. In order to get equality, unity and to discard conflicts among the national races, the king or government had to issue orders from time to time. The royal orders were concerned with administration, economy, social, political, religion and customs. These orders were the historical evidences of a period. This thesis is an attempt to describe matters mentioned in the royal orders issued during the reign of King Sagaing (1819-1837) of the Konbaung period.


THE ADMINISTRATION OF MYANMAR DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD (1886-1939)

Candidate - Nilar Myint (2-Maha-Tha-1)

ABSTRACT

This thesis deals with the colonial administration in Myanmar during the period of 1886-1939. In the colonial period, the British implemented the state administration and local administration. The state administration can rule under the same uniform system over the whole country. The local administration can now follow this pattern because the towns and villages differed from one another in geographical layout and the conditions of development that they differ in prosperity and social conditions. So, the British introduced the local administration. It can be divided into two heads: the Municipal administration and the district Council Administration. The administration was managed by the Municipality in the urban area and the District Council was conducted in the rural area. They had no full authority. The real power had in the hands of the British officers.


THE ADMINISTRATION OF MYANMAR IN THE LATER KONBAUNG PERIOD (1819-1885)

Candidate - Kyar Kyar Soe (2-Maha-Tha-2)

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled "The Administration of Myanmar in the later Konbaung period (1819-1885)" is an attempt to deal with administrative, judiciary and taxation of Myanmar kings. In describing the administration of later Konbaung period, the administrative activities of King Mindom and King Thibaw are given priority as other kings, such as King Bagyidaw (1843-1852), could make less administrative reforms during their reigns. The formers kings of later Konbaung period could not do administrative international knowledge and far-sight that administrative reforms were introduced. However, it was too late to make reforms. King Mindon tried to restore friendly relations and avoid direct military confrontation with the British. Because of his efforts, sovereignty of the kingdom could be maintained for over 26 years. But during king Thibaw's reign, his lack of experience in administration and more aggressive policy of the British let to the downfall of the kingdom.


THE ADMINISTRATION OF MYANMAR IN THE EARLY KONBAUNG PERIOD (1752-1819)

Candidate - Zin Mar Wai (2-Maha-Tha-3)

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled "The Administration of Myanmar in the early Konbaung period (1752-1819)" is an attempt to deal with administrative, judiciary and taxation of Myanmar kings. During the early Konbaung period (1752-1819) can be divided into the central administration of Royal Capital and the Provincial administration. In the central administration, there were five administrative organs, called "Hlut-yon-nga-yat": Hluttaw, Bye'-taik, Shay-yon,Nauk-yon and Ta-ya Yon. It is found that most of the cases were influenced by the decisions of the king. During the early Konbaung period, the taxes were main pillar of Kingdom's financial strength. Stability of the Kingdom, strength of administration largely depended upon strong finance. Although collection of taxes by Konbaung Kings was considered to be strict, it was found out that officials at the capital and provinces were corrupt and ill-treated the people.


BURMA'S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE (1906-1945)

Candidate - Khaing Mar Oo (2-Maha-Tha-4)

ABSTRACT

This thesis is presentation from historical point of view, with respect to the Political Awakening and independence struggles of districts and townships in Burma during the period from 1906-1945. Burma political leaders formed YMBA, GCBA and performed important public activities, to promote the national causes. The people opposed the colonial British by public rallies, demonstrations and strikes until the momentous people's campaign of the year 1300 broke out. On 1st October 1939, Burma patriots formed a national united crops by the name of Bama-Lut-Latt-Ye Gaing,( Myanmar Liberation Society), later know as Bama Htwet Yat Gaing. To drive out the British from Burma "Thirty Comrades" were sent to Japan for military training. National leader of Burma divided the anti-fascist forces into ten military commands to fight off the Japanese. This is based on original and secondary documents.

THE SOCIAL HISTORY OF LATER KONBAUNG PERIOD (1819-1885)

Candidate - Ye Aung (2-Maha-Tha-5)

ABSTRACT

In the society of later Konbaung period, there were three classes: the inferior or lowest class (A-yoke); the middle class (A-lat); and the noble class (A-myat). This society was headed by the king, except the Sangha. Although the kings conceived themselves as "Lawka Nat" (god of the world) they made attempts to rule in accordance with kingly moral precepts. To distinguish the role of the kings the people were classified as royal family, royal servicemen and the commoners. To confirm that classification rules and restrictions were adopted in custom, in insignia, in residence and in utensils. Although the king had absolute power, he had been restricted by customary laws, moral conducts and Buddha's teaching.


THE CONDITIONS OF MYANMAR (1948-1958)

Candidate - Ei Ei Htwe (2-Maha-Tha-6)

ABSTRACT

During the period of the AFPFL government (1948-1958), Parliamentary democracy was practiced. Along with the independence came the ideological differences and internal insurrections, split of AFPFL on ideological and racial grounds, multi-colored insurgencies, invasions of KMT forces, all these factors made the AFPFL government unable to carry out for the progress of the nation. Economically, the living standard of the peasants and workers declined and the people suffered severe economic hardship. The government tried to uplift the economic deterioration by economic plans. The most prominent economic scheme implemented during the period of the AFPFL government was the Pyidawthar Plan. But the plan was not conformity with the prevailing conditions of the country. Although the country became independent, there were no changes in the lives of the peasants and workers. Being faced with the disintegration of the union and establishment of Buddhism as State Religion, as well as the demand for formation of states and federal principle, the army finally took over the state power to maintain the sovereignty and independence of the country.


THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NYAUNGYAN DYNASTY

Candidate - Mya Thida (2-Maha-Tha-1)

ABSTRACT

The Nyaungyan Dynasty is also known to history as the Second Inwa Dynasty. In fact the Nyaungyan Dynasty should be called Second Taungoo Dynasty because the Dynasty was established by Minye Yandemeik, son of King Bayint Naung, who had founded Taungoo Dynasty. The paper expresses how the ten kings, the three kings of the earlier Nyaungyan period, namely Nyaungyan Min, Anaukphetlun Min and Thalun Min, could make the state prosperous and strong. The last three kings of Nyaungyan period, Sanay Min, Thaninganwe Min, and Mahadhamma Rajadipati, were not efficient in the administration of the state, leading to the downfall of the Nyaungyan Dynasty.


STUDY ON HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS IN PARABIKE

Candidate - Zaw Min Htay (2-Maha-Tha-2)

ABSTRACT

The socio-economic conditions of the rural area in the late Konbaung period are revealed in the paper. The paper is an attempt to study (1) the establishment of a village, (2) the development of a village, (3) the administration and the actions done for safety in a village, (4) the religious affairs in a village, (5) the livelihood of the rural people, (6) the monetary unit used in a village, (7) the social structure in a village, and (8) lawsuits in a village. It is not possible for the paper to represent the conditions of the whole Konbaung period because it is based only on the Pin Hmi Monastery Parabike collections. However, one thing sure is that the paper contributes something to the socio-economic study of Konbaung period.


YANDABO TREATY

Candidate - Maw Maw Soe (2-Maha-Tha-3)

ABSTRACT

The paper deals with the consequences of the First Anglo-Myanmar War, which happened during the period of King Bagyidaw (Sagaing). The war started in 1824. In 1825, both sides came to know that the Myanmar was losing the war. Although the English were the conquerors, they found themselves war-weary. King Sagaing also had difficulties in military affairs and internal affairs. Therefore, both sides sing the Treaty of Yandabo to conclude the war. The Yandabo Treaty with 11 Articles was a devastating blow to the Myanmar. Especially, the Article 5 in the Treaty, which is concerned with the payment of war indemnity in installment, is emphasized in detail in the paper to make it clear that the Myanmar suffered great losses in the war.


ANTI-FASCIST MOVEMENTS IN MYANMAR

Candidate - Aye Myat Khaing Tun (2-Maha-Tha-4)

ABSTRACT

While the Myanmar freedom-fighters were fighting against the British in the struggle for Independence, they found themselves confronting a new enemy- the fascist Japanese. It was necessary to revolt against the fascists. As the Myanmar leaders of opposition were faced with the two fronts or two enemies at the same time, they had different opinions of the way to Independent. They had to decide whether to cooperate with the British or Japanese or to fight both the British and Japanese. The paper presents them these different opinions. The paper reveals that the anti-fascist organizations could be united finally and the anti-fascist revolt met with success with the military help of the Myanmar Army and under the leadership of political organizations.


HISTORY OF SHWE YIN HMYAW PAGODA

Candidate - Swe Zin Latt (2-Maha-Tha-5)

ABSTRACT

The paper deals with the history of Shwe Yin Hmyaw pagoda. Traditions tell us that the pagoda was built in the period of Bagan. But there is no contemporary source which testifies to this fact. Despite the late of contemporary source, no one can assert that the pagoda did not exist in the period of Bagan. The historical records regarding the Shwe Yin Hmyaw pagoda, which date back to the Konbaung period, can be found. The stone inscriptions and bell inscriptions which were inscribed by Twinthin Mingyi exist as the historical records. The paper is written with reference to Parabikes, stone inscriptions, bell inscriptions, and traditional records. The paper emphasizes that the pagoda was renovated in successive periods.


HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS IN THE ZEEGONE MONASTERY PARABIKE
(PYAW BWE TOWNSHIP)

Candidate - San San Aung (2-Maha-Tha-6)

ABSTRACT

The paper tries to prove that Parabikes are enriched with historical documents which have not been discovered yet. The paper reveals historical documents which add to the knowledge of Shwe-pyi Yan-aung Cavalry. Especially the Eastern Shwe-pyi Yan-aung is mentioned in the paper. In the past it was said or written that the Eastern Shwe-pyi Yan-aung Horse land (land of Cavalry) belonged to Meiktila district. In fact, only a small part of Meiktila district was included in the territory of Eastern the Shwe-pyi Yan-aung Horse land. According to the Zeegone monastery Parabike, the list of villages belonging to the Eastern Shwe-pyi Yan-aung horse land can now be confirmed and the organization of the Eastern Shwe-pyi Yan-aung Cavalry is now exactly known. The paper also deals with the administration and taxation in the Eastern Shwe-pyi Yan-aung Horse land. In brief the paper is an attempt to contribute something new to the history of the Eastern Shwe-pyi Yan-aung Cavalry.




HTI THONE HSINT PAGODA INSCRIPTIONS IN MEIKTILA

Candidate - Hnin Hnin Moe (2-Maha-Tha-7)

ABSTRACT

The paper is an attempt to study some aspects of the traditional history of Myanmar Buddhists. Myanmar cultivated the custom of building the pagodas, monasteries and Dhama Cetis. The custom has lived for over 2000 years. The custom of building the Dhama Ceti, where the sermons of the Buddha ate engraved on stones and enshrined has also a long life: it has been over 2000 years old. The stone inscriptions which exist in the enclosure of the Hti Thone Hsint pagoda are emphasized in the paper. The stone inscriptions carry the Buddhist scriptures. However, the paper does not study the Buddhist scriptures. The paper highlights the history of the custom of engraving the Buddhist scriptures on stone- the custom which helps contribute to the development and immortality of Buddhism.


STUDY OF SOURCE MATERIALS IN PARABIKE
(Yesone monastery, Kyaukpadaung Township)

Candidate - Win Win Yu (2-Maha-Tha-8)

ABSTRACT

The historical documents in Parabikes are studied in the paper. The Parabikes which are studied are Yesone monastery Parabikes in Kyaukpadaung Township. These historical documents date back to the period of King Mindon. They reflect the history of Pin, Natmauk and Kyaukpadaung of Konbaung period. These Parabikes serve as an example of the province administration of King Mindon's time. The province was administered by the administrative officers and Crown-servicemen appointed by the Capital in the period of King Mindon. King Mindon also formed an institution to spy on these officers. The institution was composed of Buddhist monks under the Thudama Sayadaws. The Gaing-oks and Gaing-dauks (leaders of local monks) supervise the province administration. The paper tries to shed light on the fact that the Gaing-oks and Gaing-dauks played a very important role in the province administration in the Konbaung Period.


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE WORKS OF DR. THAN TUN (1944-1970)

Candidate - Mya Mya Thet (2-Maha-Tha-9)

ABSTRACT

This Bibliography is concerned with the books, articles and papers written by Dr.Than Tun from 1944 to 1970 are arranged in chronological order. Dr.Than Tun is a scholar who devotes his life to the study of Medieval History of Myanmar. Therefore, his books, articles and papers deal with the Bagan period, Pyu period, and Stone age, which precede the Bagan period, Mon period, and Inwa period, which emerged 100 years after the Bagan period. Moreover, Dr.Than Tun's Bibliography includes the translations, and notes such as "How to read lithic inscriptions". The book, "History of Myanmar History, which analyses the works on Myanmar History, can be found in the Bibliography and Ngwe-tar-yi. The papers written by Dr.Than Tun can also be found in the academic Journals such as JBRS, MHRJ, BBHC and Culture Journals.


KING ALAUNGMINTAYA: THE BIRTH OF KONBAUNG DYNASTY

Candidate - Win Mar Aye (2-Maha-Tha-10)

ABSTRACT

The paper investigates how Alaungmintaya established the Konbaung Dynasty during his 8-year reign. Alaungmintaya (1752-1760) was a self-made king: he had been just a local leader before he became a king. On the way to the throne, he had to confront and overcome many rivals. He had to fight many battles to annex the territories of Myanmar. The period of warfare was 8 years. However, the whole year was not occupied with battles. In each year, there were at least four months when battles ceased because of the rains. Therefore, he had four months in each year to devote himself to the administration and establishment of his new kingdom. The first point to be emphasized in the paper is that Alaungmintaya learnt statecraft, while fighting battles. The second point is that he appointed some of the former ministers of the Nyaungyan Dynasty. He could apply their rich experience to the establishment of Konbaung Dynasty.


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE WORKS OF DR. THAN TUN (1991-1995)

Candidate - Ma Mu (2-Maha-Tha-11)

ABSTRACT

This is the Bibliography the books and articles which Dr.Than Tun wrote during the period and the years that followed it saw most of the works by Dr.Than Tun. The Bibliography is in chronological order. Dr.Than Tun is a scholar who devotes his life to the study of Medieval History of Myanmar. Therefore, his books, articles and papers deal with the Bagan period, Pyu period, and stone Age, which preceded the Bagan period, Mon period, and Inwa period, which emerged 100 years after the Bagan period. Moreover, Dr.Than Tun's Bibliography includes the translations, and notes such as "How to read lithic inscriptions". The book, "History of Myanmar History, which analyses the works on Myanmar History, can be found in the Bibliography. Dr.Than Tun wrote in the Magazines such as Shu-ma-wa and Ngwe-tar-yi. The papers written by Dr.Than Tun can also be found in the academic Journals such as JBRS, MHRJ, BBHC and Culture Journals.


THE DOBAMA ASIAYONE

Candidate - Win Kyi (2-Maha-Tha-12)

ABSTRACT

There were many political organizations which took main parts in the struggle for Myanmar Independence. The Dobama Asia-yone, one of these organizations, is studied in the paper. The Dobama Asia-yone was a political force which gave birth to the revolutionary leaders who would fight the final battle against the British imperialists which would lead to Myanmar Independence. The paper reveals how the Dobama Asia-yone was born, how it grew and how its members held different opinions. The young leaders of the Dobama Asia-yone helped establish the political organizations into the united political vanguard called "Burma Freedom Bloc". The paper emphasizes the importance of the Dobama Asia-yone in the struggle for Myanmar Independence.


KING MINDON'S REFORMS

Candidate - Nan Kyawt Myaing (2-Maha-Tha-13)

ABSTRACT

            The paper deals with King Mindon's reforms which had to be made when Myanmar Kingdom found itself confronting the English on the political and economic fronts. King Mindon who first used a salary system in place of the appendages system to increase the flow of revenue to the royal treasury, a new tax called the thathameda was introduced. The cultivated lands were extended in Upper Myanmar because paddy and other crops could not be obtained from British Myanmar (Lower Myanmar). The irrigation systems were built or repaired. King Mindon also reformed the judicial system and trade system. The paper is an attempt to highlight King Mindon's reforms.


COMMERCIAL TREATY OF 1867 UNDER KING MINDON

Candidate - Thet Thet Soe (2-Maha-Tha-14)

ABSTRACT

When Myanmar had close relationships with European countries, they came to know the meaning and nature of signing the treaties between two nations. During the times of King Mindon, the king refused to sign the peace treaty of ending the Second Anglo-Myanmar War because he understood the meaning of the treaty. However, the king accepted the singing of the commercial treaties. During the reign of King Mindon, the commercial treaty of 1862 and the commercial treaty of 1867 were signed with the British. The paper is an attempt to reveal how the commercial treaty of 1867 came into being. The treaty included 13 Articles. The nature of a treaty is that both sides can benefit from signing it. However, it was the British who benefited from the commercial treaty of 1867. This point is emphasized in the paper.

FOREIGN RELATIONS UNDER KING ALAUGNMINTAYA

Candidate - Maung Shwe Paw (2-Maha-Tha-15)

ABSTRACT

The paper is an attempt to mention how King Alaugnmintaya made relations with the British officers and officers from foreign companies during 8 years of his reign. It was inevitable for Alaugnmintaya to make relations with foreign companies when he was trying to annex Lower Myanmar, fighting against the Mons. The purpose of his foreign relations was to obtain arms. The foreigners were English and French, the imperialists who came to Myanmar to get the profits from trade and to expand on the Myanmar territory. The English and the French provided aids to both the Myanmar and the Mons because the only purpose of the imperialists was to gain profits and advantages by hook or by crook. The paper presents how Alaugnmintaya confronted the foreigners who opened the trade centers in Pathein, Thanlyin and Negrais.


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE WORKS OF DR. THAN TUN (2001-2003)

Candidate - Zar Chi Saint Saint Moe (2-Maha-Tha-16)

ABSTRACT

The Bibliography is concerned with the works written by Dr.Than Tun within 4 years from 2001 to 2003. It is in chronological order. Dr.Than Tun is a scholar who devotes his life to the study of Medieval History of Myanmar. Therefore, his books, articles and papers deal with the Bagan period, Pyu period, and Stone Age, which preceded the Bagan period, Mon period, and Inwa period, which emerged 100 years after the Bagna period. Moreover, Dr.Than Tun's Bibliography includes the translations, and notes such as "How to read lithic inscriptions". The book, "History of Myanmar History, which analyses the works on Myanmar History, can be found in the Bibliography. Dr.Than Tun wrote in the magazines such as Shu-ma-wa and Ngwe-tar-yi. The papers written by Dr.Than Tun can also be found in the academic Journals such as JBRS, MHRJ, BBHC and Culture Journals.


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE WORKS OF DR. THAN TUN (1996-2000)

Candidate - Khin Ma Ma (2-Maha-Tha-22)

ABSTRACT

This is the Bibliography of the works written by Dr.Than Tun within five years from 1996 to 2000.It is in chronological order. Dr. Than Tun is a scholar who devotes his life to the study of Medieval History of Myanmar. Therefore, his books, articles and papers deal with the Bagan period, Pyu period, and Stone Age, which preceded the Bagan period, Mon period, and Inwa period, which emerged 100 years after the Bagan period. Morever, Dr. Than Tun's Bibliography includes the translations, and notes such as "how to read lithic inscriptions". The book, "History of Myanmar History, which analyses the works on Myanmar History, can be found in the Bibliography. Dr.Than Tun wrote in the Magazines such as Shu-ma-wa and Ngwe-tar-yi. The papers written by Dr.Than Tun can also be found in the academic Journals such as JBRS, MHRJ, BBHC and Culture Journals.


MEIKTILA GCBA CONFERENCE

Candidate - Mi Mi Lwin (2-Maha-Tha-21)

ABSTRACT

The paper is concerned with the 12 conference of GCBA which was held in Meiktila in 1926. GCBA was the earlier organization which led the Myanmar nationalist movements for freedom. Although GCBA marched in the national movements, raising the banner in the vanguard, it had a sad ending with split. In 1926, when the Meiktila Conference of GCBA was held, GCBA was already split into two groups, the Hlaing Pu Kyaw GCBA and the Soe Thein GCBA. The group which held the Meiktila Conference was the Soe Thein GCBA. The conference passed 15 resolutions. The important resolutions were concerned with objection to Thathameda and Capitation taxes, freedom of vote in the Diarchy elections, the use of the Myanmar language as the official language, and objection to Myanmar's separation from India. Thus the Meiktila Conference of GCBA passed the resolutions which were politically important.


SARTHINTIKES IN MEIKTILA

Candidate - Tint Lwin Oo (2-Maha-Tha-20)

ABSTRACT

The Myanmar society is a Buddhist society. Efforts are usually made to spread the teachings of Buddha in the different layers of Myanmar society. Especially, it is essential to make the teachings of Buddha strong and widespread among the Sangha (Buddhist Monks.) There are 64 monasteries in Meiktila. Of these monasteries, 9 monasteries are Sarthintikes, monasteries where Buddhist scriptures are taught to monks and novices as learners. The learners from these Sarthintikes sit for the religious examinations at different levels. The paper deals with of religious examinations, such as Pahtamagyi, Pahtamalat, Pahtamanga, and Dhammacariya, and the pass percentages of each Sarthintike.


FRANCO-MYANMAR RELATIONS UNDER KING MINDON

Candidate - Thida Aye (2-Maha-Tha-19)

ABSTRACT

King Mindon adopted the policy of diplomacy rather than military means after he had ascended the throne. King Mindon made attempts to make appropriate relations with both the English and the French. It was Orgoni who initiated Franco-Myanmar relations during the period of King Mindom. Orgoni made repeated journey from Myanmar to France and from France to Myanmar to improve Franco-Myanmar relations. Thanks to the efforts of Orgoni, Kinwun Mingyi and Myanmar envoys could make a diplomatic journey to France. A French Mission also went to Myanmar. Finally, the commercial treaties were signed between France and Myanmar. The paper explains how the Franco- Myanmar relations came into existence.


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE WORKS OF DR. THAN TUN (2004-2006)

Candidate - Lwin Lwin Oo (2-Maha-Tha-17)

ABSTRACT

This Bibliography includes the works which Dr.Than Tun worte in his works still appear in the Journals and magazines published in the Journals and magazines published in 2006. Dr.Than Tun studied hard and wrote a lot during his last two years. Therefore, a lot of works could be published. Dr.Than Tun is a scholar who devotes his life to the study of Medieval History of Myanmar. Therefore, his books, articles and papers deal with the Bagan period, Pyu period, and Stone Age, which preceded the Bagan period, Mon period, and Inwa perid, which emerged 100 years after the Bagan period. Moreover, Dr.Than Tun's Bibliography includes the translations, and notes such "How to read lithic inscriptions". The book, "History of Myanmar History, which analyses the works on Myanmar History, can be found in the Bibliography. Dr.Than Tun wrote in the Magazines such as Shu-ma-wa, Ka-lya Magazine, and Ngwe-tar-yi. The papers written by Dr.Than Tun can also be found in the academic Journals such as JBRS, MHRJ, BBHC and Culture Journals.


KING MINDON AND FOREIGN RELATIONS

Candidate - Pont Pont (2-Maha-Tha-18)

ABSTRACT

The paper tries to emphasize that King Mindon played an important role in foreign relations of the later Konbaung period. The persons who were involved in foreign affairs decision making process are described in the paper. King Mindon used the diplomacy of peace and friendship in relations with the British, who were much more powerful. However, it was inevitable that the British were determined to expend their influence to the Myanmar kingdom. The British did not want to treat Myanmar kingdom as an independent kingdom. Confronting the British pressures, king Mindon applied the diplomacy at different levels to preserve his kingdom. Especially it was important to deal with the British political Agent in Mandalay. King Mindon could not stop the British power in Upper Myanmar. But he was successful in delaying the final assault on the Kingdom. King Mindon merited the laudable cheer because he conducted the diplomacy efficiently not only for the survival of the kingdom but also for the survival with integrity and dignity.